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{{Infobox Book | | name = Why Men Rule| title_orig =| translator =| image = | image_caption =| author = Steven Goldberg| language = [English language| series =| genre = Non-fiction (Sociology)]| release_date = 1993 in sociology| media_type = Print (Paperback)]| followed_by =-->Why Men Rule is a book by Steven Goldberg, published by the Open Court Publishing Company in 1993 in sociology. The hypothesis proposed by Goldberg is that social institutions like patriarchy, that are characterised by male dominance, can be explained by the biology differences between man and woman. Thus, male dominance is quite possibly inevitable.Biology research has, in fact, been providing more and more evidence of differences in brain and behavior between men and women (see main entry Biology of gender). The existence of these differences and their effects on behaviour are clear enough. However, they are not yet sufficiently understood to provide a complete Causation from biology to male dominance; but nor are they sufficiently well understood to rule out such a chain. Goldberg knows his theory is still unproven. In his introduction he points out that, however unpopular his explanation may be, it is just the simplest explanation of the facts available to human knowledge, at this point in history. His word for this is that the explanation is technically "parsimonious".Why Men Rule is Goldberg's second book on this subject. It provides a stronger argument than his first book, The Inevitability of Patriarchy (1973 in sociology), given the major advances in biology during the twenty years between the books. Why Men Rule presents exactly the same theory, but with more evidence. The library of congress Library cataloging-in-publication data consider it a revised edition of the first book. Contents Part I: The Inevitability of Patriarchy
  • A Question and Some Ground Rules
  • Anthropology and the Limits of Social Variation
  • Differentiation of Power (sociology) Tendency
  • Physiology Differentiation
  • Social Conformation to Psychophysical Reality
    • Part II: Objections and Implications
  • The Inadequacy of a Non-Physiological Explanation
  • Confusion and Fallacy in the Environmentalist Analysis
  • Common Objections to the Theory of Male Dominance
    • Part III: Cognition Differentiation
  • Possible Sexual Differentiation in Cognitive Aptitudes
  • High Genius in the Arts and Sciences
    • Part IV: The Meaning of Male and Female
  • Male and Female
  • Appendix: Alleged Exceptions to the Universality of Patriarchy and Male Dominance
  • Index


    • Summary As can be seen from the Why Men Rule#Contents above, Goldberg divides his presentation into four sections. The first section is the main section and presents a case for the theory of male dominance. The second section considers both the most substantial objections that could be raised against this theory, and the implications that would follow were the theory true. The third section considers the area of cognitive differences between men and women. These lie between basic biological differences and the high-order social differences. Less information is available regarding this area, but its broad correspondence with the others is considered. Finally, the fourth section provides more philosophical reflection on the meaning and significance of "male" and "female".Steven Goldberg, Why Men Rule, (Chicago: Open Court, 1993).There is a lengthy appendix, with detailed bibliography data regarding ethnography reports of societies that have been claimed by some to be matriarchy. In every case the ethnographers record sufficient information to establish Goldberg's point – that these societies are actually patriarchal, not matriarchal. For a similar list at Wikipedia see the Patriarchy#Appendix to the patriarchy article. Part I: The Inevitability of Patriarchy In this section Goldberg presents his main case. It has three steps.Step One. The first thing Goldberg considers is the historical evidence of all known human societies, as observed (or written about) at different times and places, by people of both sexes and various ideological pursuasions and cultural backgrounds. As yet, out of a couple of thousand different known cultures all demonstrate male dominance.Ibid., pp. 13 ff.Goldberg notes that:
  • There may have been cultures before recorded history without male dominance; but we just can't know.
  • There may be cultures in the future without male dominance; but again we just don't know.
  • Nearly all societies have dominant women from time to time; but they are exceptional.
    • Many societies have been put forward as demonstrating either female dominance or no dominance at all; the reader is referred to the appendix (mentioned above).Step Two. The second thing Goldberg considers is the results of medicine research into human hermaphrodite, and the biological research into sexually dimorphic behaviour of animals. In both cases, there is a clear correlation between Sex steroids and social behaviour.Ibid., pp. 77 ff.Step Three. Goldberg's final step is to explain observed male dominance, as social reinforcement of patterns of behaviour prompted by biological predispositions, some of which are mediated by hormones.Ibid., pp. 103 ff.

    Part II: Objections and Implications In this section Goldberg considers criticism of his theory as originally published.Firstly he clarifies precisely what the evidence is, that needs some kind of explanation (this is taken from Part I above). Then he provides two alternative (biological, but not hormonal) explanations offered by his critics.
  • Men are physically larger and stronger.
  • Women have been too busy as mothers to compete.Ibid., p. 125.
    • He considers these inadequate because.
  • Small and physically weak men are frequently found in dominant positions (certainly more often than women).
  • It is only recent, wealthy societies that have freed some women to full-time motherhood. Most women have always been workers.Ibid., pp. 125 f.
    • He notes that these alternatives are less common among his critics than a "technological" argument, which claims male dominance is no longer necessary for the good of society. Social issues that previously needed brute strength for resolution will be solved by more efficient methods in future.To this Goldberg answers that we have to "wait and see". The historical evidence, in his opinion, suggests men have taken on the responsible roles in hierarchies due to psychological preference, rather than due to practical necessity. Even were necessity no longer an issue, psychological preference will remain; therefore, so will male dominance.Ibid., pp. 127 ff.This section is extensive and very thorough. One of the subsections is titled "Twenty-five Questions to Ask about Any Criticism of the Theory of Male Dominance". What has been summarised so far is sufficient to give an accurate impression of the nature of the section.

    Part III: Cognitive Differentiation In this section Goldberg considers the most interesting, but least understood aspect of male-female differences.Goldberg makes it clear that even were there no cognitive differences between men and women, it would not change the fact that men dominate socially, and they do so for biological reasons.Ibid., p. 197. However, Goldberg notes there is evidence to suggest that there are significant differences in male and female ways of thinking.Ibid., pp. 198 ff. So, if research uncovers more of these differences, and demonstrates the influence of biological factors more convincingly, these could well provide additional evidence for the biological foundation of male dominance. In fact, there have been such findings since Goldberg wrote (see the Why Men Rule#Literature below).

    Part IV: The Meaning of Male and Female In this section Goldberg moves from scientific sociology to philosophical sociology – from facts to significance. In other words, if the theory is true, what use is it?Ibid., p. 223.Goldberg suggests that occupational roles find their significance in a wider set of values. In other words, changing occupational roles do not challenge society as deeply as changing values. However, in this section, Goldberg does not argue that American society has changed its values regarding gender differences, rather he argues that it has abandoned its values. This produces, in Goldberg's opinion, an unsatisfying and unsustainable social structure.Ibid., p. 224.Goldberg concludes the section and the book dramatically.

    Reviews From back cover of Open Court, soft cover, first edition, 1993. See also

    References External links

    Literature

    {{Infobox Book | | name = Why Men Rule| title_orig =| translator =| image = | image_caption =| author = Steven Goldberg| language = [English language| series =| genre = Non-fiction (Sociology)]| release_date = 1993 in sociology| media_type = Print (Paperback)]| followed_by =-->Why Men Rule is a book by Steven Goldberg, published by the Open Court Publishing Company in 1993 in sociology. The hypothesis proposed by Goldberg is that social institutions like patriarchy, that are characterised by male dominance, can be explained by the biology differences between man and woman. Thus, male dominance is quite possibly inevitable.Biology research has, in fact, been providing more and more evidence of differences in brain and behavior between men and women (see main entry Biology of gender). The existence of these differences and their effects on behaviour are clear enough. However, they are not yet sufficiently understood to provide a complete Causation from biology to male dominance; but nor are they sufficiently well understood to rule out such a chain. Goldberg knows his theory is still unproven. In his introduction he points out that, however unpopular his explanation may be, it is just the simplest explanation of the facts available to human knowledge, at this point in history. His word for this is that the explanation is technically "parsimonious".Why Men Rule is Goldberg's second book on this subject. It provides a stronger argument than his first book, The Inevitability of Patriarchy (1973 in sociology), given the major advances in biology during the twenty years between the books. Why Men Rule presents exactly the same theory, but with more evidence. The library of congress Library cataloging-in-publication data consider it a revised edition of the first book. Contents Part I: The Inevitability of Patriarchy
  • A Question and Some Ground Rules
  • Anthropology and the Limits of Social Variation
  • Differentiation of Power (sociology) Tendency
  • Physiology Differentiation
  • Social Conformation to Psychophysical Reality
    • Part II: Objections and Implications
  • The Inadequacy of a Non-Physiological Explanation
  • Confusion and Fallacy in the Environmentalist Analysis
  • Common Objections to the Theory of Male Dominance
    • Part III: Cognition Differentiation
  • Possible Sexual Differentiation in Cognitive Aptitudes
  • High Genius in the Arts and Sciences
    • Part IV: The Meaning of Male and Female
  • Male and Female
  • Appendix: Alleged Exceptions to the Universality of Patriarchy and Male Dominance
  • Index


    • Summary As can be seen from the Why Men Rule#Contents above, Goldberg divides his presentation into four sections. The first section is the main section and presents a case for the theory of male dominance. The second section considers both the most substantial objections that could be raised against this theory, and the implications that would follow were the theory true. The third section considers the area of cognitive differences between men and women. These lie between basic biological differences and the high-order social differences. Less information is available regarding this area, but its broad correspondence with the others is considered. Finally, the fourth section provides more philosophical reflection on the meaning and significance of "male" and "female".Steven Goldberg, Why Men Rule, (Chicago: Open Court, 1993).There is a lengthy appendix, with detailed bibliography data regarding ethnography reports of societies that have been claimed by some to be matriarchy. In every case the ethnographers record sufficient information to establish Goldberg's point – that these societies are actually patriarchal, not matriarchal. For a similar list at Wikipedia see the Patriarchy#Appendix to the patriarchy article. Part I: The Inevitability of Patriarchy In this section Goldberg presents his main case. It has three steps.Step One. The first thing Goldberg considers is the historical evidence of all known human societies, as observed (or written about) at different times and places, by people of both sexes and various ideological pursuasions and cultural backgrounds. As yet, out of a couple of thousand different known cultures all demonstrate male dominance.Ibid., pp. 13 ff.Goldberg notes that:
  • There may have been cultures before recorded history without male dominance; but we just can't know.
  • There may be cultures in the future without male dominance; but again we just don't know.
  • Nearly all societies have dominant women from time to time; but they are exceptional.
    • Many societies have been put forward as demonstrating either female dominance or no dominance at all; the reader is referred to the appendix (mentioned above).Step Two. The second thing Goldberg considers is the results of medicine research into human hermaphrodite, and the biological research into sexually dimorphic behaviour of animals. In both cases, there is a clear correlation between Sex steroids and social behaviour.Ibid., pp. 77 ff.Step Three. Goldberg's final step is to explain observed male dominance, as social reinforcement of patterns of behaviour prompted by biological predispositions, some of which are mediated by hormones.Ibid., pp. 103 ff.

    Part II: Objections and Implications In this section Goldberg considers criticism of his theory as originally published.Firstly he clarifies precisely what the evidence is, that needs some kind of explanation (this is taken from Part I above). Then he provides two alternative (biological, but not hormonal) explanations offered by his critics.
  • Men are physically larger and stronger.
  • Women have been too busy as mothers to compete.Ibid., p. 125.
    • He considers these inadequate because.
  • Small and physically weak men are frequently found in dominant positions (certainly more often than women).
  • It is only recent, wealthy societies that have freed some women to full-time motherhood. Most women have always been workers.Ibid., pp. 125 f.
    • He notes that these alternatives are less common among his critics than a "technological" argument, which claims male dominance is no longer necessary for the good of society. Social issues that previously needed brute strength for resolution will be solved by more efficient methods in future.To this Goldberg answers that we have to "wait and see". The historical evidence, in his opinion, suggests men have taken on the responsible roles in hierarchies due to psychological preference, rather than due to practical necessity. Even were necessity no longer an issue, psychological preference will remain; therefore, so will male dominance.Ibid., pp. 127 ff.This section is extensive and very thorough. One of the subsections is titled "Twenty-five Questions to Ask about Any Criticism of the Theory of Male Dominance". What has been summarised so far is sufficient to give an accurate impression of the nature of the section.

    Part III: Cognitive Differentiation In this section Goldberg considers the most interesting, but least understood aspect of male-female differences.Goldberg makes it clear that even were there no cognitive differences between men and women, it would not change the fact that men dominate socially, and they do so for biological reasons.Ibid., p. 197. However, Goldberg notes there is evidence to suggest that there are significant differences in male and female ways of thinking.Ibid., pp. 198 ff. So, if research uncovers more of these differences, and demonstrates the influence of biological factors more convincingly, these could well provide additional evidence for the biological foundation of male dominance. In fact, there have been such findings since Goldberg wrote (see the Why Men Rule#Literature below).

    Part IV: The Meaning of Male and Female In this section Goldberg moves from scientific sociology to philosophical sociology – from facts to significance. In other words, if the theory is true, what use is it?Ibid., p. 223.Goldberg suggests that occupational roles find their significance in a wider set of values. In other words, changing occupational roles do not challenge society as deeply as changing values. However, in this section, Goldberg does not argue that American society has changed its values regarding gender differences, rather he argues that it has abandoned its values. This produces, in Goldberg's opinion, an unsatisfying and unsustainable social structure.Ibid., p. 224.Goldberg concludes the section and the book dramatically.

    Reviews From back cover of Open Court, soft cover, first edition, 1993. See also

    References External links

    Literature



     

    Why Men Rule



     
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